If you mount the root directory, you would override the contents of the debian:buster image, and you would be left with an empty os. Instead of trying to mount a volume to share apt packages, we would generally recommend building and publishing an image to dockerhub with everything you need installed, and then using that image in your yaml.
It does create a bridge in between steps and can be useful for sharing state between steps [1], however, when you mount a volume you effectively overwrite the original contents of the target mount path. If you overwrite the root directory, you effectively overwrite the entire docker image, resulting in an empty image.